Crypto was founded on a simple premise: people should be able to send, hold, and manage money without going through a bank. Fifteen years later, some of the industry’s most significant developments involve banks doing that, on blockchains, for their own institutional clients.
JPMorgan now settles payments in its own deposit token on a public blockchain. BlackRock’s tokenized Treasury fund holds roughly $2.4 billion in assets, with two more products of the same kind already filed with the SEC. Visa and Mastercard let card issuers settle their daily obligations in stablecoins rather than wire transfers.
The industry that set out to disintermediate finance has, in large part, become the infrastructure finance now runs on.
Bitcoin emerged in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis with a unique proposal: electronic cash that required no trusted third party, no bank, no payment processor, and no permission from anyone to move. Satoshi Nakamoto’s white paper devoted most of its length to explaining how the third party could be entirely removed from a transaction.
Ethereum extended the idea a few years later, promising programmable money and applications that could run without a company standing behind them. For most of the decade that followed, the industry’s public rhetoric stayed loyal to that founding idea.
Conferences were built around the concept of disintermediation, banking people the traditional system had excluded, and constructing a parallel financial rail that bypassed Wall Street altogether.
The target was clear, and it was the same system crypto now depends on to function.
From fiat replacement to crypto rails
The shift away from that founding idea built up over a long sequence of institutional decisions. Banks started piloting various settlement products, and card networks tested faster clearing methods.
Kinexys, JPMorgan’s blockchain unit, is one of the best examples of a successful foray into crypto by incumbent TradFi giants. The bank’s dollar-denominated deposit token, JPM Coin, is moving toward native issuance on the Canton Network, a blockchain built specifically for regulated financial markets.
The stated goal is to bridge traditional finance and distributed ledger technology while preserving the privacy and compliance controls banks are required to maintain.
And this isn’t a pilot project confined to an innovation lab: Kinexys has processed more than $3 trillion since its 2015 launch and now averages billions of dollars in volume daily. The bank hired Oliver Harris, a former Goldman Sachs executive, specifically to lead the unit, and Harris has been direct about his view of blockchain’s purpose: not to dismantle the financial system’s back end, but to rebuild it from within.
BlackRock has pursued a parallel strategy with its USD Institutional Digital Liquidity Fund, known as BUIDL. As of the second quarter of 2026, the tokenized Treasury fund holds approximately $2.4 billion in assets under management, making it the largest tokenized Treasury fund in existence and one of the most closely watched institutional crypto products.
In May, BlackRock filed with the SEC for two additional tokenized fund structures built on the same model, a move described as evidence of acceleration rather than experimentation. The broader category of tokenized Treasuries has expanded significantly, and BUIDL’s growth has already reshaped the competitive landscape among tokenized Treasury issuers.
The fund is now integrated into DeFi lending markets and is tradable through Uniswap’s request-for-quote system under an allowlist managed by Securitize. Larry Fink has returned to tokenization repeatedly in his public commentary, calling it an upgrade to how asset management already operates.
Payments have followed a similar trajectory, but at a much faster pace. Visa’s stablecoin settlement pilot allows select issuers and acquirers to settle their daily obligations using Circle’s USDC instead of traditional wire transfers.
According to Visa, participating clients gain faster movement of funds over blockchains, seven-day availability, and greater operational resilience across weekends and holidays, all without any visible change to the consumer card experience.
By April 2026, that pilot had expanded to nine blockchains and a $7 billion annualized run rate. While that’s still a small fraction of Visa’s total settlement volume, it’s growing fast enough to suggest serious potential.
Mastercard has gone even further: as of June 2026, its settlement support covers Circle’s USDC, Paxos-issued tokens including PYUSD and USDG, and Ripple’s RLUSD. The company continues to add crypto partners across the United States and Latin America.
Stripe has moved at a comparable pace, largely through its 2025 acquisition of Bridge. Stablecoin payment volume reportedly doubled year over year, with most of that growth coming from business-to-business transactions rather than consumer spending.
What the consumer gains, and what disappears
Most people won’t feel this change. From the perspective of an average retail user, this will appear as a small but measurable increase in convenience.
A retail investor can gain crypto exposure through a familiar asset manager’s ETF instead of setting up a wallet. A payment app can hold a stablecoin balance behind the scenes without the term ever appearing in its interface.
A cross-border payment can clear in minutes instead of days, with the recipient never needing to know why. The technology has become largely invisible to the end user, which is typically what happens once infrastructure works well enough that people stop thinking about it.
However, that kind of convenience displaces optionality. Self-custody, the ability to hold one’s own keys and transact without asking an institution’s permission, requires effort and carries risk, and most users, given the choice, will trade that effort for the safety of a regulated intermediary.
Bank-issued deposit tokens, tokenized funds, and stablecoins settled through Visa and Mastercard all reintroduce a trusted third party into a system originally designed to need none.
The blockchain still performs the settlement, but the permissioning layer, the compliance checks, and the custodial relationship all come from the system this technology was built to replace. Access has broadened, but independence, for most users, has narrowed accordingly.
Regulation has been both a cause and a consequence of this shift. The GENIUS Act’s stablecoin framework, together with the compliance infrastructure banks are building around their own tokenization platforms, has required crypto firms to construct the kind of legal, audit, and reporting apparatus traditional finance had for decades.
Analysts at CoinShares described 2026 as the year digital assets stopped being peripheral disruptors and became elements genuinely intertwined with the existing financial system. Building that apparatus takes time, which has changed how products now reach the market.
A project could once launch with a whitepaper and an online community. Reaching institutional scale today typically requires legal review, a custody arrangement, and often a banking partner before a single user is onboarded.
The tradeoff for that slower pace appears to be durability. Capital from BlackRock, JPMorgan, and the major card networks behaves differently from the retail-driven capital that defined crypto’s earlier boom-and-bust cycles.
A tokenized Treasury fund backed by BlackRock’s balance sheet and institutional reputation is a fundamentally different kind of asset than a token backed by a founder’s roadmap and a community’s enthusiasm.
That stability comes at the cost of concentrating power in the hands of the institutions crypto originally set out to challenge. This is a highly contested issue in the industry, so much so that even JPMorgan has raised it in its own public comments to Congress.
The company argued that digital assets should be regulated based on their functions rather than the technology behind them. JPMorgan’s argument implies that a settlement layer operated by large banks and asset managers may prove more resilient under stress than a fragmented network of crypto-native venues.
That would also be considerably more centralized than many early crypto builders would have recognized as a success. The technology has been validated, and now control over it has consolidated among the incumbents best positioned to scale it.
The builders who proved most consequential over the past several years were the ones who learned to operate within compliance, custody, and institutional risk frameworks well enough that banks and asset managers sought out their work rather than needing to be persuaded of its value.
JPMorgan absorbed blockchain talent into its own settlement systems while retaining its core role in finance. BlackRock packaged the yield-bearing appeal DeFi had promised years earlier inside a regulated fund structure under a name investors already trusted.
Crypto changed how money can move, but in the process, the financial system it once set out to replace changed what it’s used for.